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gila monster
The Gila monster (''Heloderma suspectum'', ) is a species of venomous lizard native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexican state of Sonora. A heavy, slow-moving lizard, up to long, the Gila monster is the only venomous lizard native to the United States and one of only two known species of venomous lizards in North America, the other being its close relative, the Mexican beaded lizard (''H. horridum''). Though the Gila monster is venomous, its sluggish nature means it represents little threat to humans. However, it has earned a fearsome reputation and is sometimes killed despite being protected by state law in Arizona.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=2007 IUCN Red List – Search )〕
== Description, taxonomy and etymology ==
In this species, the largest extant lizard native to North America north of the Mexican border (non-natives like green iguanas are larger), snout-to-vent length is from . The tail is about 20% of the body size and the largest specimens may reach in total length. Body mass is typically in the range of , with 11 males having been found to average . Reportedly, the very heaviest, largest specimens can weigh as much as .〔Christel, C. M., DeNardo, D. F., & Secor, S. M. (2007). ''Metabolic and digestive response to food ingestion in a binge-feeding lizard, the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum)''. Journal of Experimental Biology, 210(19), 3430-3439.〕〔Davis, J. R., & DeNardo, D. F. (2010). ''Seasonal patterns of body condition, hydration state, and activity of Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum) at a Sonoran Desert site''. Journal of Herpetology, 44(1), 83-93.〕〔Beck, D. D. (2005). ''Biology of Gila monsters and beaded lizards (Vol. 9)''. University of California Press.〕
The Gila monster has one close living relative, the beaded lizard (''H. horridum''), as well as many extinct relatives in the Helodermatidae, the evolutionary history of which may be traced back to the Cretaceous period. The genus ''Heloderma'' has existed since the Miocene, when ''H. texana'' lived, and fragments of osteoderms from the Gila monster have been found in late Pleistocene (10,000–8,000 years ago) deposits near Las Vegas, Nevada. Because the helodermatids have remained relatively unchanged morphologically, they are occasionally regarded as living fossils.〔 Although the Gila monster appears closely related to the monitor lizards (varanids) of Africa, Asia and Australia, their wide geographical separation and the unique features not found in the varanids indicate the Gila monster is better placed in a separate family.
The name "Gila" refers to the Gila River Basin in the U.S. states of New Mexico and Arizona, where the Gila monster was once plentiful. ''Heloderma'' means "studded skin", from the Ancient Greek words ''helos'' (ηλος), "the head of a nail or stud", and ''derma'' (δερμα), "skin". ''Suspectum'' comes from the describer, paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope, who suspected the lizard might be venomous due to the grooves in the teeth.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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